Foundation

Foundation
(Snowden & Kurtz, 2003)

Hard and Soft System

Black and White
(Checkland, 1999)

System of Systems

System of Systems
(Dahmann & Baldwin, 2008; Maier, 1998)

System Togetherness

System Togetherness
(Lawson, 2010)

Situation Ontology

Situation Ontology
(Hartley, 2020)

Validation and Exploration

Validation and Exploration
(Toulmin, 2003)